| Concept | Rule of Thumb | |---------|--------------| | | No communication = no contract. | | Consideration must move from the promisee | Past consideration is generally not valid unless a prior request exists. | | Free consent | Any of: coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, mistake → voidable contract. | | Void vs. Void‑Absolutely | Void: unenforceable but may be ratified. Void‑absolutely: cannot be ratified (e.g., illegal object). | | Damages | Compensatory = loss actually suffered; Pith and substance test for quantum. | | Specific Performance | Equitable remedy; rarely granted for personal services. | | Electronic Contracts | Valid if parties consent to electronic mode; digital signature must meet IT Act standards. | | Frustration | Occurs when performance becomes impossible or radically different due to an unforeseen event. |
| Concept | Rule of Thumb | |---------|--------------| | | No communication = no contract. | | Consideration must move from the promisee | Past consideration is generally not valid unless a prior request exists. | | Free consent | Any of: coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, mistake → voidable contract. | | Void vs. Void‑Absolutely | Void: unenforceable but may be ratified. Void‑absolutely: cannot be ratified (e.g., illegal object). | | Damages | Compensatory = loss actually suffered; Pith and substance test for quantum. | | Specific Performance | Equitable remedy; rarely granted for personal services. | | Electronic Contracts | Valid if parties consent to electronic mode; digital signature must meet IT Act standards. | | Frustration | Occurs when performance becomes impossible or radically different due to an unforeseen event. |