Fm 31 28 Fouo Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat 1 December 1999 25 Jun 2026
The manual emphasizes that personnel should receive advanced training in urban combat techniques. Simulation and practical exercises are recommended to prepare units for the physical and psychological stresses of urban combat.
The manual, FM 31-28 FOUIO, was published by the U.S. Department of the Army on December 1, 1999. The primary focus of this manual is to provide Special Forces personnel with the knowledge and skills necessary to conduct advanced urban combat operations. The manual emphasizes the unique challenges of urban warfare, including the complexities of built-up areas, civilian populations, and the need for precise and discriminate use of force.
The Field Manual (FM) 31-28 FOUNO, titled "Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat," was published on December 1, 1999, and is still widely referenced today. This manual provides valuable insights and techniques for military personnel and law enforcement agencies operating in urban environments. The manual's focus on advanced urban combat is particularly relevant in today's world, where urban warfare is becoming increasingly common. The manual emphasizes that personnel should receive advanced
Unit training and rehearsal are essential to prepare SF teams for urban combat operations. This includes training in urban terrain, simulating real-world scenarios, and practicing techniques and procedures.
As a document published over two decades ago, some tactics, techniques, and procedures may have been superseded by newer doctrine or advances in technology. However, the foundational principles of urban warfare remain relevant, and this manual can still serve as a valuable resource for understanding the principles of advanced urban combat. Department of the Army on December 1, 1999
The principles of urban combat are based on the fundamentals of infantry combat, with an emphasis on the use of cover and concealment, suppressive fire, and precision targeting. Urban combat requires a high degree of situational awareness, adaptability, and flexibility.
, including direct action and counter-terrorism in urban centers. Core Focus The Field Manual (FM) 31-28 FOUNO, titled "Special
SF teams operating in urban environments must understand and apply the following principles:
