History Of Modern Europe Since 1789 By Vd Mahajan Pdf 55 -

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The Congress of Vienna was designed by aristocrats for aristocrats. It utterly failed to anticipate the Industrial Revolution . By the 1830s, new social forces emerged: an urban working class in Manchester, Lille, and Berlin, and a liberal industrial bourgeoisie demanding free trade and political representation. The July Revolution of 1830 in France—which overthrew the Bourbons and installed the bourgeois monarch Louis Philippe—was a direct consequence of this oversight. Unlike 1815, the powers did not intervene to restore Charles X, because Britain and a newly liberal France blocked Metternich. This exposed the Congress System’s final weakness: it could not police the internal social dynamics of sovereign states. While many search for free PDF versions (often