: Structural rules for programming languages and AI applications. Pushdown Automata (PDA) : The machine model for context-free languages. Turing Machines (TM)
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: Detailed exploration of Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) and Non-Deterministic Finite Automata (NFA). Regular Languages : Regular expressions, regular sets, and the Pumping Lemma. Context-Free Grammars (CFG)